Time Gap Research Articles

Intraday repeatability of macular layers measurements in glaucomatous and non-glaucomatous patients using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography.

To assess the intraday repeatability of macular architecture measurements in glaucomatous and non-glaucomatous patients using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) and to evaluate the independence from intraindividual intraocular pressure (IOP) fluctuations. In this single-center, time-point comparison study, 88 eyes with glaucoma, 53 eyes with ocular hypertension (OHT), and 253 healthy eyes underwent two standardized SD-OCT and intraocular pressure (IOP) measurements on the same day with a 5-h time gap. Bland-Altman plots, intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC), and random-effects model were used to analyze repeatability of entire retinal thickness, retinal nerve fiber layer, ganglion cell layer, inner plexiform layer, and inner nuclear layer measurements. Intraday measurements were highly reproducible in all 3 groups. ICC were greater than 0.90, respectively. The pairwise comparisons of morphometric parameters showed a statistically significant difference (P < 0.001, respectively) between groups (glaucoma vs. control, glaucoma vs. OHT) and a significant influence of time points. No correlation was found between IOP fluctuations and morphometric parameters (P > 0.05, respectively), except for a weak positive correlation with GCL (rho = 0.109, P = 0.031). The evaluation of macular morphometric parameters of SD-OCT showed a high intraday repeatability and an excellent degree of agreement in glaucoma, ocular hypertension, and healthy groups. The fixed effects of time points were statistically significant. Except for a weak positive correlation of ganglion cell layer, variability did not appear to be affected by intraday IOP changes. Additional research is required to fully understand the impact of IOP fluctuations on macular morphometric parameters, considering the small observed IOP changes.

The productivity paradox in carbon‐intensive companies: How eco‐innovation affects corporate environmental and financial performance

AbstractEmpirical studies analyzing the relationship between strategies to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and firms' environmental and financial performance often fail to find significant effects when firms invest in innovative green technologies. Indeed, as efficiency and productivity gains of new technologies can often be reaped only after a certain time gap, cross‐sectional studies are bound to ignore the time component, thus becoming subject to the productivity paradox. Employing an integrative approach, drawing on eco‐efficiency theory, productivity paradox, and innovation diffusion principles, this longitudinal study observes companies with high GHG emissions during and after the first two European Union Emission Trading Scheme (EU ETS) trading periods (2005–2019). It analyzes (1) the dynamics of carbon reduction practices over time, (2) the impact of GHG reduction strategies on environmental performance, (3) the positive effect of GHG‐related efficiency improvements on firm performance, while considering (4) the moderating effect of GHG emissions type on the latter relationship.

Feeding pattern in preterm neonates admitted in neonatology unit: a descriptive cross-sectional study

Background: The components of breast feeding including sucking, swallowing, and breathing, develop at different gestational ages, and are incomplete in preterm. Other modes of feeding like nasogastric/orogastric and cup are used till matured breast feeding skills appear. Material and methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was done over a period of 1 year with objectives to observe the different feeding patterns in the preterm neonates, assess the time required to start feeding from the day of admission, and observe the time taken for transition from one feeding pattern to another feeding pattern. A total of 116 admitted preterm neonates born less than 34 weeks were included. The ethical clearance and informed consent were obtained. The time of admission, the duration between the time of admission and start of feeding, type of feeding, mode of feeding, and progression of feeding from one mode to another was noted, and appropriate statistical analysis done. Results: Cup feeding (57.8%) was the most common mode of starting of feeding followed by orogastric feeding (42.2%). Mothers breast milk was the most common feed. The median duration of starting of feed from the day of admission was 2 days. The time gap between day of admission and starting of orogastric feed and cup feeding were 2 days and 5 days, respectively. The median time taken for transition from orogastric feed to cup feed and from cup feed to mothers breast feed was 5 days and 6 days, respectively. Babies with a higher age at starting of feeding took significantly lesser time to transit from cup feeding to mother’s breast feeding (P=0.01). Babies with Respiratory Distress Syndrome had a significantly higher transit time from orogastric feeding to cup feeding (P&lt;0.001). Conclusion: The rate of advancement of feed depends on maturation of feeding skills, gestational age, birth weight, presence of comorbidities, and nursing care.

Molecular Dynamics Investigations of Dienolate [4 + 2] Reactions.

We report quantum mechanics calculations and quasiclassical trajectory simulations of [4 + 2] reactions using three common dienolate substrates: siloxy dienes, Li dienolates, and conjugated Pd enolates. Asynchronous transition structures and unequal bond formation were invariably found, with average time gaps of developing bonds ranging from 26.5 to >251.0 fs. The results display a spectrum of dynamically concerted and stepwise [4 + 2] reactions, offering insights into the origin of the stereochemical outcomes of such reactions.

Rate dependent neural responses of interaural-time-difference cues in fine-structure and envelope.

Advancements in cochlear implants (CIs) have led to a significant increase in bilateral CI users, especially among children. Yet, most bilateral CI users do not fully achieve the intended binaural benefit due to potential limitations in signal processing and/or surgical implant positioning. One crucial auditory cue that normal hearing (NH) listeners can benefit from is the interaural time difference (ITD), i.e., the time difference between the arrival of a sound at two ears. The ITD sensitivity is thought to be heavily relying on the effective utilization of temporal fine structure (very rapid oscillations in sound). Unfortunately, most current CIs do not transmit such true fine structure. Nevertheless, bilateral CI users have demonstrated sensitivity to ITD cues delivered through envelope or interaural pulse time differences, i.e., the time gap between the pulses delivered to the two implants. However, their ITD sensitivity is significantly poorer compared to NH individuals, and it further degrades at higher CI stimulation rates, especially when the rate exceeds 300 pulse per second. The overall purpose of this research thread is to improve spatial hearing abilities in bilateral CI users. This study aims to develop electroencephalography (EEG) paradigms that can be used with clinical settings to assess and optimize the delivery of ITD cues, which are crucial for spatial hearing in everyday life. The research objective of this article was to determine the effect of CI stimulation pulse rate on the ITD sensitivity, and to characterize the rate-dependent degradation in ITD perception using EEG measures. To develop protocols for bilateral CI studies, EEG responses were obtained from NH listeners using sinusoidal-amplitude-modulated (SAM) tones and filtered clicks with changes in either fine structure ITD (ITDFS) or envelope ITD (ITDENV). Multiple EEG responses were analyzed, which included the subcortical auditory steady-state responses (ASSRs) and cortical auditory evoked potentials (CAEPs) elicited by stimuli onset, offset, and changes. Results indicated that acoustic change complex (ACC) responses elicited by ITDENV changes were significantly smaller or absent compared to those elicited by ITDFS changes. The ACC morphologies evoked by ITDFS changes were similar to onset and offset CAEPs, although the peak latencies were longest for ACC responses and shortest for offset CAEPs. The high-frequency stimuli clearly elicited subcortical ASSRs, but smaller than those evoked by lower carrier frequency SAM tones. The 40-Hz ASSRs decreased with increasing carrier frequencies. Filtered clicks elicited larger ASSRs compared to high-frequency SAM tones, with the order being 40 > 160 > 80> 320 Hz ASSR for both stimulus types. Wavelet analysis revealed a clear interaction between detectable transient CAEPs and 40-Hz ASSRs in the time-frequency domain for SAM tones with a low carrier frequency.

Kyjev or Kyjiv? Use of Ukrainian City Names in Slovak Media as an Expression of Solidarity

At the time of our study, more than five hundred days had passed since the beginning of the Russian occupation of Ukraine. Given the sufficient time gap and the significant amount of media output, I can thus analyse a unique phenomenon that appeared in the Slovak media shortly after the beginning of the occupation – the appearance of previously unused variants of the names of the cities Kyjev or Kyjiv [Kyiv], Charkov or Charkiv [Kharkiv], and Ľvov or Ľviv [Lviv]. Through a quantitative analysis, we focused on media content across publishing houses N Press (Denník N), Petit Press (SME), OUR MEDIA SR (Pravda) and news portals www.tasr.sk and www.sita.sk. As a follow-up to the performed analysis, I directly confronted representatives of individual media with the findings, including ascertaining the motivations and reasons that led the editors to change, or persistence in using the original names. In the study, I also point out the phenomenon of the emerging language problem, which is already occupying the attention of linguists today.

Tackling the social marketing formative research bottleneck: comparative analysis of the complementary nature of community-generated personas and focus groups

Purpose This study aims to understand the utility of personas and illustrate, through a case study, how a persona-building exercise in a Community Based Prevention Marketing (CBPM) training of community leaders elicited important insights that complemented findings from ongoing formative research on vaccine hesitancy in the Hispanic/Latino population in the USA during COVID-19 pandemic. Design/methodology/approach An exploratory concurrent parallel qualitative study design compared three personas created by community-based organization members (n = 37) to transcripts from five formative research focus groups (n = 30) from the same project. All participants in this study were recruited by the National COVID-19 Resiliency Network as part of their capacity-building and formative research activities. Grounded theory guided the content analysis. Findings This study found personas and focus groups to be complementary. A high degree of co-occurrence was observed when investigating the uptake of the COVID-19 vaccine under the categories of barriers, culture and communication. Between the two methods, the authors found strong associations between fear, disruption to the value system, work-related barriers, inaccessibility to health care and information sources and misinformation. Areas of divergence were negligible. Research limitations/implications While personas provided background information about the population and sharing “how” to reach the priority population, focus groups provided the “why” behind the behavior, followed by “how”. Practical implications A community-driven persona-building process built on cultural community knowledge and existing data can build community capacity, provide rich information to assist in the creation of tailored messages, strategies and overall interventions during a public health crisis and provide user-centered, evidence-based information about a priority population while researchers and practitioners wait on the results from formative research. Originality/value This case study provided a unique opportunity to analyze the complementary effectiveness of two methods acting in tandem to understand the priority population: stakeholder-informed persona-building and participant-informed focus group interviews. Understanding their complementary nature addresses a time gap that often exists between researchers and practitioners during times of crises and builds on recommendations associated with bringing rigor into practice, promoting academic contribution to real-world issues and building collaborative partnerships. Finally, it supports the utility of a nimble tool that improves social marketers’ ability to know more about their audience for intervention design when time is of the essence and formative research is ongoing.

Influence of Time Gap on the Buildability of Cement Mixtures Designed for 3D Printing

This study provides novel insights into the nuanced impact of time gaps on the buildability of cement mixtures within the 3D printing process. In contrast to studies predominantly focused on rheological properties, this research addresses essential factors such as printed structure size, which inevitably affect the temporal intervals between layer depositions and consequently shape the buildability outcome. The investigation encompasses cement mixtures with diverse water-to-cement ratios (ranging from 0.26 to 0.36), varied setting accelerator concentrations (1.0 to 2.0 wt.%), and superplasticizer contents (0.25 and 0.5 wt.%), all explored across different time gaps (ranging from 5 to 25 min). The evaluation of buildability involves a meticulous assessment of the deformation of the bottom layer induced by adjacent layers. The findings underscore the substantial role played by chemical admixtures in fine-tuning rheological properties specific to each time gap, thereby influencing the size of the printed structure. The impact of the accelerator admixture is evident in its ability to reduce the minimum time gap required for optimal buildability while the superplasticizer emerges as a key player in enhancing fluidity without compromising the load-bearing capacity of the printed structures. To predict buildability for a given time gap, the study leverages the results of spreading diameter from the flow table test and the setting time from the Vicat test. Lastly, this study extends its scope to unveil insights into the intricate interplay between time gap and printing speed for 3D printed real-scale constructions by examining the relationship among these parameters across constructions with diverse built areas.

Ultrapotassic plutons as a source of uranium of vein-type U-deposits (Moldanubian Zone, Bohemian Massif): insights from SIMS uraninite U–Pb dating and trace element geochemistry

AbstractThe Bohemian Massif hosts significant hydrothermal U-deposits associated with shear zones in the high-grade metamorphic basement. But there is a lack of evidence of a genetic link between mineralization and U-fertile igneous rocks. This contribution provides constraints on the major U source of the vein-type U-deposits, the timing of ore formation and the metallogenetic model. The anomalous trace element signatures of the low-temperature hydrothermal deposits (high Zr, Y, Nb, Ti, ∑REE) and their close spatial relation with ultrapotassic rocks of the durbachite series point to a HFSE and REE enriched source rock. The durbachites have high U content (13.4–21.5 ppm) mainly stored in magmatic uraninite and other refractory minerals (e.g., thorite, zircon, allanite) that became metamict over a time interval sufficient to release U from their crystal structure, as suggested by the time gap between emplacement of the durbachites (EMP uraninite U–Pb age ~ 338 Ma) and hydrothermal activity (SIMS uranium ore U–Pb age ~ 270 Ma). Airborne radiometric data show highly variable Th/U ratios (1.5–6.0), likely reflecting a combination between (1) crystallization of magmatic uraninite, (2) hydrothermal alteration, and (3) leaching and mobilization of U along NW–SE-trending fault zones, manifested by elevated Th/U values in the radiometric map. The presence of rare magmatic uraninite in durbachites suggests almost complete uraninite dissolution; EMP imaging coupled with LA-ICP-MS analyses of refractory accessory phases revealed extensive mobilization of U together with HFSE and REE, providing direct evidence for metal leaching via fluid-driven alteration of radiation-damaged U-rich minerals. The large-scale HFSE and REE mobilization, demonstrated by the unusual trace element signatures of the U-deposits, was likely caused by low-temperature (270–300 °C), highly alkaline aqueous solutions containing F-, P-, and K-dominated complexing ligands. The first SIMS U–Pb age of 270.8 ± 7.5 Ma obtained so far for U-mineralization from the Bohemian Massif revealed a main Permian U mineralizing event, related to crustal extension, exhumation of the crystalline basement, and basin formation, as recorded by U–Pb apatite dates (280–290 Ma) and AFT thermal history models of the durbachites. The Permo-Carboniferous sedimentary cover probably represented a source of oxidized basinal brines infiltrating the basement-hosted durbachite plutons and triggering massive metal leaching. The interaction between basin-derived brines and durbachites resulted in significant modification of the chemical composition of the hydrothermal system (K and F release during biotite chloritization, P liberation through monazite alteration), leading to the formation of ore-bearing fluids responsible for the metallogenesis of the basement-hosted unconformity-related U-deposits in shear zones in the Bohemian Massif.

Ayurvedic Management of Crohn’s Disease - A Single Case Study

Crohn’s disease is a chronic idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease condition characterized by skip lesions and transmural inflammation that can affect the entire gastrointestinal tract from the mouth to the anus. It is having variable presenting symptoms and may include diarrhoea, abdominal pain, weight loss, nausea, vomiting etc. The diagnosis is typically made with endoscopic and/or radiologic findings. A 16-year-old female patient diagnosed with Crohn’s disease having complaints of frequent loose stools, bleeding per rectum after evacuation of bowel, generalised weakness, reduced appetite and weight loss since more than 6 years approached the outpatient department of Kayachikitsa, SDM Ayurveda hospital, Kuthpady, Udupi, Karnataka, India. Patient was intervened with Vilwadi Gulika, Dadimashtaka Churna, Kutajarishta, Takra Kalpana, Parpati Kalpana, Picha Basti etc. strictly following Laja diet with Takra in 4 courses of admissions with a time gap of 2-3 months. There was marked improvement in the frequency of loose stools and rectal bleeding. Improvement in weight was noted by a gain of 12 kg and generalised weakness was completely relieved. The therapy gained confidence in the patient to stop all the steroid and immunosuppressant medications completely and continue with Ayurvedic medication. Thus, it can be concluded that Ayurvedic interventions are effective in the improvement of symptoms in Crohn’s disease.

Premarital cohabitation and the gendered division of household labor in China

Premarital cohabitation has been understudied in China, and its impact on marriages in the region remains largely unexplored. This study examines the implications of premarital cohabitation for gender inequalities in Chinese marriages. The author analyzes how married couples with and without the experience of premarital cohabitation compare in the amounts of time they spend doing housework, whether the differences can be attributed to social and economic factors, and to what extent the experience of cohabitation equalizes the gendered division of housework. Drawing on four waves of data (2010, 2014, 2016, and 2018) from the China Family Panel Studies, this study is one of the first to provide nationally representative evidence on the relationship between premarital cohabitation and housework in China. Propensity score weighting and linear mixed effect models were employed. In contrast to findings from Western contexts, this study finds that in China, premarital cohabitation is not associated with a smaller gender gap in housework time after accounting for factors that affect selection into cohabitation. However, premarital cohabitation was associated with a significant decrease in women's housework time among urban residents and couples married after 1995, while its effect on men's housework time was not significant. Findings from this study highlight a gendered cohabitation effect on housework hours in China and underscore the importance of contextualizing the meanings of cohabitation and housework in non-Western contexts.

Microscopic railway capacity assessment of heterogeneous traffic under real-life operational conditions

A key strategy for increasing railway capacity is utilizing infrastructure more efficiently. While much research has been completed on methods for assessing railway capacity, very little has focused on the details of capacity utilisation, such as assessing the various ways trains use capacity, the impacts of specific blocking time components, and how train dynamics (accelerating, cruising, braking, and dwelling) affect capacity.This paper presents a methodology for comparing planned occupancy to actual occupancy under real operations and applies it in a case study. The methodology is based on identifying a critical path which represents an extension of bottleneck concept presented in UIC leaflet 406. The methodology was applied in a case study to determine the specific blocking times and train dynamics which cause a blocking time gap for a sequence of trains, both a-priori and a-posteriori, after considering the operational variations. The analysis of real operations with variations in train trajectories shows that capacity occupation is mostly influenced by train sequence heterogeneity in the original schedule. The varying effects of operations have a smaller but relevant impact. The methods developed in this paper can be used to help assess railway capacity under real operations.

Considering product life cycle characteristics and industry background in environmental impact analysis and application: a case study of a television.

Life cycle assessment (LCA) is widely used to evaluate product's life cycle environmental impact and identify the environmental weaknesses. However, it is difficult for existing LCA software to perform flexible LCA analysis based on the product life cycle characteristics and industry background. Meanwhile, under the existing LCA research model, product designers and manufacturers are usually not LCA evaluators, resulting in a certain time gap between the evaluation results and product improvement. Designers with less experience in green design often find it difficult to identify high environmental impact links in products at different life cycle stages and product levels, and updated products are challenging to meet various environmental restrictions. This paper establishes a multi-module product life cycle analysis model that combines product industry background that includes basic information, assessment information, structural information, and restriction information to achieve the multi-scenario of product LCA in different dimensions in a typical domain. The calculated mechanism of the dynamic power emission factor is built according to the service time and space dimensions. The proposed method forms an integrated environmental performance evaluation of household appliance (EPEHA) system. A software assessment and an optimization method are proposed to improve the EPEHA system. The results of this study show that these proposed methods can improve the timeliness and diversity of results analysis of product LCA in the field of household appliances in China. The universal data exchange format and simple operation interface of the EPEHA system enable people related to the product to quickly understand the environmental impact of the product in different scenarios, even if they lack green design knowledge and professional software training.

Applications of integrated response surface methodology statistic techniques and artificial neural network‐based machine learning to optimize residual chlorine production and energy consumption

AbstractA multifactor interaction study was performed using the combined response surface methodology and an artificial neural network on the operational parameters and their influence on residual chlorine production. The operating variables, sodium chloride concentration, electrical potential, electrolysis time, and electrode gap, were evaluated over the response, residual chlorine and energy consumption. The results indicated that the optimum value for residual chlorine was 2450 mg/L achieved at an electrical potential of 8.8 V for 25 min in the presence of 25 g/L of sodium chloride and an electrode distance of 1 cm, and the optimum corresponding energy consumption was measured at 21.76 kWh/L. The study reveals that electric potential, sodium chloride concentration, and electrolysis time positively influence residual chlorine production. ANN models showed superior prediction ability compared with RSM models. This suggests electrolysis can be used for active chlorine production from saline solutions, potentially for industrial applications and water disinfection.

A two-stage group-sequential design for delayed treatment responses with the possibility of trial restart.

Common statistical theory applicable to confirmatory phase III trial designs usually assumes that patients are enrolled simultaneously and there is no time gap between enrollment and outcome observation. However, in practice, patients are enrolled successively and there is a lag between the enrollment of a patient and the measurement of the primary outcome. For single-stage designs, the difference between theory and practice only impacts on the trial duration but not on the statistical analysis and its interpretation. For designs with interim analyses, however, the number of patients already enrolled into the trial and the number of patients with available outcome measurements differ, which can cause issues regarding the statistical analyses of the data. The main issue is that current methodologies either imply that at the time of the interim analysis there are so-called pipeline patients whose data are not used to make a statistical decision (like stopping early for efficacy) or the enrollment into the trial needs to be at least paused for interim analysis to avoid pipeline patients. There are methods for delayed responses available that introduced error-spending stopping boundaries for the enrollment of patients followed by critical values to reject the null hypothesis in case the stopping boundaries have been crossed beforehand. Here, we will discuss other solutions, considering different boundary determination algorithms using conditional power and introducing a design allowing for recruitment restart while keeping the type I error rate controlled.

Przerwane oczekiwanie. O matrifokalności w kontekście o poronienia

This article examines the artworks – treated as personal testimonies – by three wo-men, whose biographies could not have been more different, affected by pregnancy loss. They are Frida Kahlo’s Henry Ford Hospital, a surrealist representation of an induced abortion she had in 1932; Oriana Fallaci’s Letter to a Child Never Born (originally published in 1975); and Karolina Kaczyńska-Piwko’s Ciałość [ Bodiness] (2021). In spite of the huge time gaps that separated those three lives, their experiences connected with the loss of an unborn child have a lot in common. Each of them had to cope with loneliness, lack of support and indifference to their grief. The dominant element in Kahlo’s painting as well as Fallaci and Kaczyńska-Piwko’s narratives is the trauma of broken expectations for a happy motherhood.

Cycling of rare earth elements at the Precambrian-Cambrian boundary

The Great Unconformity at the Precambrian-Cambrian boundary marks a global erosion surface, and a time gap which in places exceeded a billion years. The weathered sub-Cambrian rocks include abundant granites and pegmatites. These rocks and others were mineralized in several regions. The basal Cambrian sediments show that rare commodities including gold and rare earth elements (REEs) were concentrated from sub-Cambrian sources by both chemical and physical processes. The clay-rich unconformity in Europe demonstrates the weathering of Palaeoproterozoic pegmatites (~1.2 billion years older) and liberation of strontium and REEs to reprecipitate as authigenic phosphate minerals. This is consistent with a global strontium isotope excursion at the Precambrian-Cambrian boundary. The global extent of sub-Cambrian granites and pegmatites indicates a possible exploration play for REEs. More generally, the abundance of ores exposed on the surface globally, and examples of early Cambrian enrichment, indicate that the surface has high potential for exploration of rare elements.

Integration of wide-field imaging system with droplet microfluidics for monitoring living bacteria

Droplet microfluidics has been widely used to analyze chemicals and biological reactions at the single-molecule level. Microscopic systems are commonly used for imaging and analyzing droplets using high-magnification objective lenses. However, these systems are expensive, complex, and large, limiting the high-throughput characterization of droplets in reactions targeting disease-related biomarkers, including nucleic acids, proteins, and pathogens. Another concern is the time gap between droplet analysis within a microfluidic channel and imaging chamber, which can cause discrepancies in reaction time between droplets. To address this issue, we introduce the droplet analysis system for vast imaging and statistical tool (DropVIST)—a wide-field imaging system integrated with droplet microfluidics for rapid and accurate droplet analysis. DropVIST can detect eight differently colored droplets simultaneously using a wide-field imaging system and dFinder software, which can quantify the reacted droplets. The smallest droplet diameter for detection was 30 μm, and the maximum detection area was 201.84 cm2, suggesting that the system can theoretically analyze 3,103,377 droplets in real-time. We validated the monitoring performance of DropVIST using clinical isolates of five types of living pathogenic bacteria and compared this with conventional approaches, including the microbroth dilution method and colony-forming unit assay. This platform provides a rapid, simple, and accurate tool for monitoring living bacteria at the single-cell level.

IJCM_388A: Sleep disturbances and associated factors among undergraduate medical students in a tertiary health care center in central India: A cross sectional study

Background: Within the rigorous environment of medical education, the well-being of students is a critical concern. Sleep disturbances, a prevalent yet understudied issue, may pose significant challenges to the academics and mental health of medical students. Objective: To assess the sleep disturbances and associated factors among undergraduate medical students in a tertiary health care center. Methodology: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 256 undergraduate medical students in a tertiary health care center from September to November 2023. Study was conducted using self-administered questionnaire consisting of sociodemographic profile and standardized tool Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. Descriptive and analytical statistics were used. Results: Out of 256 students,161(62.9%) were suffering from sleep disturbances.72% of them had less than 1 hour time gap between screen time and their regular sleep. There was a significant association between sleep disturbances and repeated worrying about lots of tests, illness during past month, felt isolated and feeling lost something in life. Conclusion: This study showed that majority of undergraduate medical students suffer from sleep disturbances. It becomes evident that fostering a supportive environment and promoting healthy sleep practices are indispensable for the overall wellbeing and success of medical students.

Facies architecture and stratigraphy of a basaltic-trachytic polygenetic volcano, Whakaraupō Volcano, NE Banks Peninsula, New Zealand

Polygenetic volcanic systems typically evolve through multiple igneous and sedimentary events of construction and degradation. Understanding the stratigraphy of volcanic rocks is essential for assessing volcanic hazards and natural resources such as hydrocarbons, geothermal heat, and groundwater. It requires identifying the internal and external structures of the volcanic deposits in the geological record. We present a multiscale analysis of the development of the Whakaraupō Volcano at the NE portion of the Miocene Lyttelton Volcanic Complex (LVC), Banks Peninsula, South Island, New Zealand. We combine different stratigraphic approaches (Facies, Lithostratigraphy, and unconformity boundaries) to characterize the Volcano in time and space. Thirteen lithofacies and seven facies' associations were described and classified into four Formations (Scott Valley, Heathcote Valley, Britten Craig and Mount Pleasant). Each lithostratigraphy represents a specific depositional and eruptive environmental setting separated by unconformities. The Whakaraupō Volcano evolved progressively shifting the eruptive locus towards ENE. Hawaiian-style eruptions characterize the initial eruptive stage, forming widespread sequences of hawaiite a'ā lava flows with fan-like geometry overlapped by benmoreitic rubbly and blocky lava flows (Scott Valley Fm). Next, the activity shifted to transitional type mild explosive eruptions with numerous air-fall hawaiite to mugearite scoria cones producing ash plains around active vents, co-genetic lava domes and a‘ā lava flows fed from a NE-SW fissure system, as well as building an eruption-fed conglomeratic volcanic debris apron (Heathcote Valley Fm). The following Formation (Britten Craig) is characterised by a Fan-like a‘ā hawaiite to benmoreite flows bounded by paleosoil layers at the top and bottom, indicating a time gap between the emplacement of Formation. The final stage comprises a hawaiite-trachytic lava succession interbedded with epiclastic deposits (Mount Pleasant Fm). Multiple different ages and compositions of dikes crosscut the volcanic succession, mainly feeding trachytic lava domes with a dominant NE-SW trending orientation. Our multiscale analysis provides insights into the three-dimensional architecture of diverse rock bodies within the Whakarupō Volcano. This approach will aid the construction of prospective models that can be applied to understand the hazards and geo-energy resources of large basaltic-trachytic volcanic complexes.